buy custom Revolution in France essay

purchase custom Revolution in France exposition Significantly after the fatal unrest in France, the King who took influence in France set up laws that supported the rich to the detriment of the feeble in the general public, up to when he was ousted through an upheaval. The third republic was set up to reestablish the lost rights, which the France residents had battled for quite a while. The third republic made due from the year 1870 to 1945 having lived with numerous preliminaries and moves to destabilize. All obstructions for the republic prompted a solid help of the legislature. Conversation The French third republic was a decision body in France between the years 1870-1945. It was a republican majority rules system that was set up after the decrease of the rule of Napoleon iii during the Franco-Prussian clash. It suffered until the year 1940, when the Germans attacked France. This body was set up as a majority rule body by a demonstration of parliament. The body was not expected to carry on for an extensive stretch. It, along these lines, experienced different clashes until its last breakdown, in the year 1940. The primary demonstration that prompted the topple of Napoleon 111 was the Germans demonstration that proposed to make France a country that endures may neighbors in its environmental factors (Fortescue 67). In the year 1970s, France set up a republic to take over after the demise of Chambord. The leader of the republic needed a monarchical government which the parliament restricted. Vote based system experienced a difficult second when the president battled for a Monarchy. He excused the head administrator, who had a place with the republican gathering, and broke up parliament (Chapman, 222). This was a difficult period for the republic. It was spared when people in general casted a ballot intensely against a monarchical France and rather favored a vote based country that was in presence. In 1875, there was a demonstration of parliament that planned for improving majority rules system in the country. The president had no consent to be in parliament. This targets isolating the official from the council. This demonstration guaranteed the endurance of majority rules system. The presidential up-and-comers additionally needed to get half of the complete authority votes to be named. This allo wed individuals a chance to practice their law based rights. The chosen president would, along these lines, be a democrat and moved in the direction of the endurance of vote based system. The Dreyfus issue was hazardous to the endurance of vote based system in the third republic. This happened when Dreyfus was sentenced for the charges that he had not attempted at this point the high ranking representatives of the republiic realized that he was not blameworthy. The fundamental purpose for Dreyfus conviction was on the grounds that he was a Jew. This demonstration was a test to the endurance of Democracy in France. It was utilized as a learning second for the French individuals who understood the idea of hostile to semiticism that existed in France. It likewise guaranteed that the third republic knew about the dangers presented by the regal gathering for the individuals of France. In 1885, the political power battled to end government in France totally. This was done through the offer of royal gems that were an indication of monarchism. They were supplanted by crowns with glasses which were kept. Different changes were set up in the open part that planned for tending to the worries of the residents. There was a presentation of the 8 hours ordinary work day and the pay demonstration. These demonstrations planned for improving the fair right of every French resident (Smith 92). End Regardless of the snags that existed during the rule of the third republic, it is viewed as the longest in administration which reached a conclusion after the vanquishing of France by the Nazis; a demonstration that prompted the split of France into northern and southern parts. It took on numerous conflicts to guarantee the endurance of vote based system. Purchase custom Revolution in France exposition

Persulphate and Potassium Iodide Essay Example for Free

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 77

Synopsis - Essay Example The Gallop Poll of 2011 shows only 26% for handgun boycott. The issue with the masterminds is whether firearm control can stop inclinations for viciousness. Though the contentions and counterarguments proceed among different bodies worried about controlling weapon and brutality, the measure doesn't get the lawful help. â€Å"With a 5-4 choice in the District of Columbia v. Heller case heard by the Supreme Court in 2008, the court’s new perusing of the Second Amendment demonstrates that handguns can't be prohibited even at the nearby level in light of the fact that there is an individual right to handguns in the home for self-defense.†(Ryan, n. p.) This seals the issue for keeping the handguns. The other strategy proposed is wellbeing screening of the individuals and the record verification from the â€Å"federally authorized dealers.†(Ryan, n.p.) This recommendation is acceptable in principle yet its execution isn't practicable. One can undoubtedly purchase the â€Å"gun from a private seller.†(Ryan, n. p.) But the proposal to boycott AR-15 sort ambush rifles merits thought, as these kinds of weapons have job for regular citizen purposes. Congress banned 9 kinds of self loading weapons in 1994 and the â€Å"ban terminated in 2004 and was not renewed.†(Ryan, n.p.) Going by the General Survey there is a stamped decrease in firearm related violations everywhere throughout the nation over the most recent 40 years. In any case, the Church is profoundly worried about weapon dealing and proposes that the individuals from the network should practice moral position to instruct the individuals about the firearm culture lastly weapons ought to have no spot in a g eneral public administered on moral standards. The confidence network has the capable and valuable task to carry out in this

Politics and the English Language Analysis

â€Å"Above all, we can't play ducks and drakes with a local battery of sayings which recommends heinous collocations of vocables as the Basic set up with for endure, or put at a misfortune for confuse . â€Å" This entry is composed by Professor Lancelot Hogben(located on pg. ___ , the subsequent model) This is appeared as a prime case of awful composing propensities which are distinguished in George Orwell’s article. This entry shows instances of dead analogies, the issues with putting understood words that confound the peruser, and the sheer reluctance to look into legitimate implications of specific words, for example, unfortunate. As should be obvious our introduction is about the paper â€Å"Politics and the English Language†. This article orders the awful composing propensities in current English instead of the conventional style. We might initially want to begin with a test to check the class’s general information on the classesIf you were unable to recognize any instances of slang and awful composing propensities it is brilliant to tune in to what were going to discuss. George Orwell expounds on the conventional style of English, and the association among language and activity. Orwell talks about the issues of Modern English and the moderate spread of dubiousness recorded as a hard copy. In this paper the proposal was express; it expressed that the English language is in a decrease and that advanced English of loaded with terrible composing propensities which are spread by impersonation. In this paper Orwell recognizes various mistakes that essayists for the most part make as his subtopics, for example, kicking the bucket analogies, administrator or verbal bogus appendages, self-absorbed lingual authority and good for nothing words. The main sub-point discusses dead illustrations. The strategy for improvement for this sub-theme is circumstances and logical results. Dead allegories show that journalists are getting lethargic with representations; they utilize old pre-made analogies so they don’t need to concoct new ones. This makes scholars use analogies in an inappropriate setting and never get an opportunity to communicate their own symbolism. Additionally these analogies are not exact enough and produce unclearness in the composed work which shows the essayist probably won't be keen on what he is composing. Presently the second sub point is about administrators or verbal bogus appendages. The technique for advancement for this section is cause. Administrators and verbal bogus appendages show that authors are utilizing words for filler so as to make the sentence offset with no idea about significance and they. This implies the aloof is continually being utilized rather than the dynamic which isn't right. The third subtopic is about self important word usage. The strategy for advancement for this section is circumstances and logical results. Self-absorbed phrasing happens when scholars are utilizing words that have no solid reason. They are exchangeable and have no solid tone. A genuine case of bombastic lingual authority is Marxist composition. Marxist composing is when words are inappropriately gotten from German, Russian, or French. The fourth and last subtopic in this paper is good for nothing words. The technique for improvement for this paper is impact. Unimportant words are when scholars utilizing bigger words with more syllables in their content, yet are more hazy than their increasingly straightforward words they are supplanting. So now would go on about the tone in this article. The tones communicated in this article were sentiments of confidence and harshness. Orwell was confident that what he was composing was valid in our general public and was mad about the defeat of the English language. In this exposition we discovered three instances of negative obvious lingual authority. The main case of negative suggestive word usage was discovered when Orwell expressed in section four which expresses that â€Å"Each of these entries has shortcomings of its own, yet, very separated from avoidable grotesqueness, two characteristics are regular to every one of them. The first is staleness of symbolism; the other is absence of accuracy. † In this section he decides to utilize the word â€Å"Staleness† to show the pessimism. The second Example of adverse indicative expression originates from section five where its composed that â€Å"But in the middle of these two classes there is an immense dump of destroyed representations which have lost all suggestive force and are only utilized in light of the fact that they spare individuals the difficulty of concocting phrases for themselves. For this situation Orwell chooses to utilize the word dump rather than â€Å"amount† or another expression of positive lingual authority. The third case of negative demonstrative word usage is likewise found again in passage 5 when Orwell states â€Å"In genuine it is consistently the blacksmith's iron that breaks the mallet, never the other path around: an essayist who halted to think what he was stating would abstain from distorting the first ex pression. † For this situation Orwell chooses to utilize debasing to show his disturb for what the author is doing when he is exhibiting a case of a dead illustration. In this article we discovered two genuine instances of metaphorical pictures. The primary metaphorical picture can be found on pg. 348, where it says â€Å"It follows that any battle against the maltreatment of language is a nostalgic antiquity, such as leaning toward candles to electric light or hansom taxis to planes. † This picture is a comparison working with the subject of the battle against maltreatment of language. This is an allegorical picture since it makes a theoretical examination of language to favoring candles to electric light. The second metaphorical picture we discovered was on pg 355, where it says â€Å"In (4), the essayist knows pretty much what he needs to state, yet an amassing of stale expressions gags him like tea leaves obstructing a sink. † This is additionally a likeness working with the subject of stale expressions. This is a non-literal picture since it makes this picture with tea leaves hindering a sink, and, all things considered, there is no relationship between's tea leaves and gagging. .

Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essays

Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essays Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Setting brings about authentic and topical data around a specific point in artistic work. Each content advances esteems import. For indiv. Furthermore, gatherings. RIII Wanted to demonstrate authenticity of Queen E’s rule-’validity of her case to throne’ â€Divine right Context: Relatively quiet, S makes R a fallen angel and usurper to legitimize Eliz. Guarantee to position of royalty. Individuals knew about RIII Tudor’s oust of Platagenets, along these lines play is performance of genuine occasions. Crowd identified with the qualities in the play-divine right, treatment and spot of ladies, goodevil, religion. Nobles talked in Iambic P, while workers talked in unpleasant composition, this was genuine, consequently sounded good to the crowd, everybody cherished the theater. â€Å"An fair story speeds best, being evidently told† LFR develops from this, both exhibit the inherent connections among settings and pieces of writings. Ruler Richard III and Looking For Richard legitimately identify with recorded and social settings individually, social attracting on historical’s challenge to the setting in which it was composed. Shakespeare’s play was created in a troublesome time of political and strict adherence. Shakespeare’s depiction of Richard centers around his malicious and Machiavellian nature. Machiavelli’s The Prince encourages that a capable ruler should expect to accomplish power at any expense. Richard is a Machiavel; he considers himself a fallen angel, ‘Thus like the conventional Vice, Iniquity, I admonish two implications in single word. ’ LFR ‘While some key qualities are investigated, many are novel t the 1990’s’ The film and it’s promptness availability had supplanted theater, bringing about film. Ap’s recognition was that social cultural impediments kept US from coming to acknowledge Shakespeare. Researchers have caused S to appear to be too troublesome on-screen characters have impression that they can’t proceed just as their Eng. Partners. AP’s juxtaposition of the two writings and their settings gave political experiences into both timeframes, and the totalitarian/popularity based social orders. Basic impressions of belief systems. He introduced imperious nature of Eliz. society and questions whether Shak. could be democratized. Qualities are realism and economism.

Essay Samples of Life - Earn Extra Money With Writing Essays

Essay Samples of Life - Earn Extra Money With Writing EssaysEssay samples of life are a great way to earn extra money. It's a great way to educate yourself in the arts of essay writing and in other forms of writing that are so important for gaining an income.Writing is a fantastic way to enlighten your mind and help you understand what it means to be a professional. It is a lot more than just writing an essay. Writing is an art form and it can take time and effort on your part, to master. The truth is, when you write for yourself, you will enjoy the process and when you write for other people, you may have to work at it.Writing life essays for others is a great way to express what you want them to know about you. If you want them to like you or have a respect for you, you need to express it in the essay. There are several different types of essays, but the most important thing is to have a good grasp of what you want to say and how you want them to feel.This type of essay samples is best used to teach others, so that they can tell others, about you. To convey ideas, thoughts, and feelings, is an art form and needs the right material and the right mindset. Therefore, you must learn how to write well and effectively.Most people will not take the time to learn how to write well when they are required to write essays about themselves, but this is something that has to be learned through the experience. Writing can be as easy as taking a class, but is certainly not a walk in the park. You must constantly practice what you have learned in order to do well at it.There are many different types of essays that are required for different positions. You need to learn how to write a good, engaging and informative essay. In fact, the assignment of helping others with their essays can be a wonderful way to earn money.You need to have a strong foundation and you must learn how to apply what you learn. If you are good at teaching yourself, then you may want to teach other to le arn. You will find that writing essays for others can be very rewarding.Essay samples of life are a great way to earn money. However, if you are new to writing, you will probably need to practice to get the hang of it, and practice more.

Heres Why Hult MBA And Masters Students Jet Off To London, Dubai And More Hult Blog

International exchanges and study abroad trips have long been a cornerstone of business education. But exchange students often find that their study abroad period isn’t long enough to fully immerse themselves in their new surroundings, or adapt to another university. Hult International Business School has found a way to give its MBA and masters students the international experience without the aforementioned uncertainties. A multi-campus university, Hult has locations in Boston, San Francisco, London, Dubai, Shanghai, and New York. Through its Global Campus Rotation program, Hult students get to experience three of these campuses over the course of a one-year degree. To read more about the feature on global rotation, visit BusinessBecause here. If you would like to find out more about Hults business programs,  download a brochure here. Hult offers a range of highly skills-focused and employability-driven business school programs including a range of MBA options and a comprehensive one year Masters in International Business. To find out more, take a look at our blog From NYC to NGO: Around the world with a Hult MBA. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Differences Between 16th and 19th Century Imperialism

The Differences Between 16th and 19th Century Imperialism and their Effects on the World Today. Name: Mr. Big Student #: C10539956 Course: INS 201 Professor: Dr. Ventricle 1. What is ‘imperialism’? How did 19th-century colonialism, empire building, high imperialism differ from those of earlier times: in particular from the colonialism of early- modern mercantilism (16th to18th centuries)? ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Introduction According to John Findling and Frank Thackeray’s â€Å"Events that Changed the World in†¦show more content†¦For example, the original thirteen colonies that Britain established on North America’s east coast have gone on to become the world’s main superpower, the United States of America. Britain’s colony in China, Hong Kong, has gone on to become Asia’s premiere financial center with Singapore (another British jewel) trailing just behind. Even Britain’s prisoners set up the only first-world country in the Southern Hemisphere, Australia! Compare this to Spain’s imperial efforts, for example Mexico is the only third world country in North America and has always struggled to overcome a legal system plagued with corruption. Why is it that the British colonies were so successful and the colonies of other countries such failures in comparison? I feel the answer to that is British law. British law has been a keystone in thes e colonies success. Their political ideals have helped sculpt the success stories of the modern world, albeit there have been some failures such as India and Rhodesia where there were civilians revolting against their new leaders. The British education system helped produce a new class of educated Africans and Asians that were able seek employment once they had completed their schooling. 16th Century Imperialism Imperialism in the fifteenth century was new and exciting, the rules were unwritten. People believed back then that the civilized world back owed it to the rest of the worldShow MoreRelatedImperialism as a Source of Many Conflicts throughout History658 Words   |  3 PagesImperialism a source of most if not all conflicts throughout history. No matter the century or time period, the start of all wars, battles, and conflicts all draw their roots back to imperialism. Imperialism have had great impacts on nations and brought many changes to societies and their cultures. It has impacted on people lives and how they live. It has affected our societies to this day and shaped or helped create foundations for our countries and cultures that we have today. Imperialism beganRead MoreCauses Of New Imperialism1120 Words   |  5 PagesNew imperialism was a period of colonial expansion by European powers during the late 19th century and early 20th century. It is distinguished by the continuous territorial acquisitions of Africa and Asia by European powers. These powers include Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium (Tusan, Scramble for Africa, October 23rd). There were many reasons behind this aggressive competition. To them, these newfound lands were an opportunity to expand their power and exploit further resourcesRead MoreThe Expansion Of A Nation State1880 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Basically imperialism is empire building. When one state or nation becomes powerful it is likely that it decides to accomplish an expansion. The obstacles to expansion might not be strong enough to prevent the will of the conquerors. The obstacles are usually other states or people. 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At its apogee, the Ottoman Empire was known for its immense wealth and military mightRead MoreImpact Of The Imperial Rule On West African Politics Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagestrading position between North and West Africa, â€Å"which involved gold and slaves moving north and cowries, salt and weapons coming south,† (Gellar, 1995). Tekrur is a prime example of the diversity and significance of trading in the Senegalese economy before the colonization. Although the French would begin to trade with and eventually colonize Senegal is the 19th century, France was not the first European power to engage in commercial activity with Senegal. 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Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Essay example - 1538 Words

Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Friedrich August Wilhelm Froebel was born in Oberweissback, Germany in April 21, 1782 (Ransbury, 1995). He was the sixth child of a Lutheran Minister, but lost his mother before his first birthday. As a young boy, he played and explored in the gardens surrounding his home most of the time. His deep love of nature would later influence his educational philosophy. He did not become educated until age eleven. When he was fifteen years old, he was apprenticed to a Forester. He then studied at the University of Jena. He accepted a teaching position at the Frankfurt Model School in Yverdon, Switzerland. This school was based on the teachings of Johann Heirnrich Pestalozzi. Froebel embraced Pestalozzi’s†¦show more content†¦The occupations were tasks that taught skills useful in later life such as weaving, folding paper, stringing beads, perforating paper, modeling with clay, lacing cards, follow the dots, and joint and stick construction (Ja longo and Isenberg, 2000). He also believed children were brought closer to God through song, dance, plays, and games. Froebel called his approach to education â€Å"self-activity† and â€Å"self-representation† (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000; Ransbury, 1995). Therefore the teacher’s role is as a guide, not a lecturer (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000). He was also the first to introduce the â€Å"concept of curricula appropriate to a child’s developmental level† (Woodill,1995). Froebel designed Kindergarten to children’s needs in â€Å"physical activity, the development of sensory awareness and physical dexterity, creative expression, exploration of ideas and concepts, the pleasure of singing, the experience of living among others, and satisfaction of the soul† (â€Å"Friedrich Froebel†, 2000). Until his death in 1852, he was devoted to making Kindergarten known. The German immigrants brought the idea of Kindergarten to the United States in the nineteenth century. Margaretta Schurz established the first German Kindergarten in Wisconsin in 1855 and Elizabeth Peabody established the first English Kindergarten and training school in Boston in 1860 (Sadker and Sadker, 2000). Like Froebel, Marie Clay a

The War on Terror and the aAbuse of Human Rights Essay

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Karl Marx (1582 words) Essay Example For Students

Karl Marx (1582 words) Essay Karl Marx1Karl Marx : The Man Behind CommunismWere Karl Marx ideas on communism moral? It is quite obvious that some societies do or did believe that communism was a good way of life. Even though there are many drawbacks to communism there are still some advantages. Karl Marx is a man of intrigue he only did what he wanted to and not what others wanted him to do. Upon completion of my research I feel that Marx was a very bright man. His ideas may not be all together but a man that can introduce communism to the world and actually get people to follow Marx ideas is powerful to me. In my research paper I would like to tell you a little about the life and times of Karl Marx, and how is ideas effect the economy today. Karl Marx was born at 2 am on May 5, 1818. Marx was one of eight children he had two brothers and five sisters. His mother Henriette Prockmon called Karl, Gluckskind meaning child of fortune. She loved Karl and his sibling all the same and felt fortunate to have children. But Karl’s father thought that Marx was â€Å"possessed by a demon† (Padover 22) it was probably since Karl always never did what his father expected of him. Karl’s siblings even saw him as a tyrant he would use his siblings as a horse and ridicule them all for being slow intellectually since he was gifted at learning compared to them. Marx’s childhood was not all peachy he had two brothers and one sister die of tuberculosis, which ran in the family and kept Marx out of military service (Padover 38). Karl was raised as a Jewish man but in 1824 a Prussian government decree conformed a long- 2standing practice that Non-Christians could not attend schools. So in August 1824 he was baptized i n the Trier Evangelical church. Therefore he had his road to college paved for him by being able to go to school for lower education. Marx started college at Bonn University where his father wanted him to learn law and continue the family business. Marx on the other hand wanted to go for philosophy. He switched to Berlin University after his first year so that he could get a better education. Marx disappointed his father by not studying law and told his father â€Å"I did not read works on jurisprudence primarily to become a lawyer, but rather to find metaphysical answers.† (Padover 49). Marx got a doctorate in philosophy from Berlin with financial help from his mom whom was not well off financially and lived in a lower-middle class neighborhood. In 1842 Karl Marx started writing for a liberal democratic newspaper called Rheinische Zietung in Cologne, and at the end of 1842 Marx became the editor for the paper (Padover 29). In the beginning of 1843 Marx was told by the minist ry that at the end of the quarter the paper must cease publication, causing Karl to resign immediately. The summer of 1843 before heading to Paris to devote his time to studying political economy and the history of the great French Revolution, he married the daughter of Privey Councillor Von Westphalen in trier named Jenny Von Westphalen. Marx liked to speak his mind in writings, which caused him to be expelled from France by Guizot in 1845 (Carver 208) . Upon leaving France he went to Brussels and stayed there, pursuing the same studies, until the outbreak of the February Revolution. Marx still could not keep his ideas to himself and was asked to leave Brussels, He was asked to return to France by the French Provisional 3Government to help with the uprising there (Appelbaum 119). Marx lived a poor life; his long time friend Fredrick Engles asked Marx and his family to move to London where he was. By doing so Engles helped Marx with food and shelter for him and his family. While in London Marx and Engles worked on papers and books together, Marx wrote article for the New York Times at that time also. Even with all of the writings that Marx did he still never made a lot of money. In Karl Marx’s later years he was always sick with different ailments causing him not to write much so he had no extra money to pay to see a doctor (Padover 323). Marx died March 14 1883 but his ideas are still alive today in different countries to day. Marx’s most famous writings include The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital for major works. He was well known for his time and his name still pops up in today’s society. Karl Marx was a very smart man in history even though his views may not have been the right road. .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .postImageUrl , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:hover , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:visited , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:active { border:0!important; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:active , .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5 .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cd5f31e8f87ee56d26f32f540a44de5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Photography - We aim to portray the world at night EssayThe times of Karl Marx were nothing to brag about either. Imagine living in his time there was no advanced medicine and living without the technology that we have today. To some it may not be to bad but you still had to eat, provide shelter for your family and medical help for your family when they need. Since the medical care for Marx was to expensive and not as advanced as today he lost a lot of people dear to him that he would not have lost today. When Marx was a child he lost a sister and a brother to tuberculosis, in today’s society. Marx was also the support for revolutions. He would put his ideas on pape r and let the public read them. A lot of times what he spoke of was truth that would lead to a revolution (Cameron 421). In 1840 the industrial revolution began in England 4and France had brought into being a new social force that was pressed for widespread change in society. This force was the industrial working class, a class of wage labourers concentrated in small factories and work places and increasingly inclined to resort to collective action, such as strikes, and collective organization, in the form of trade unions. Between the years 1830 and 1848, which mark two separate revolutionary uprisings in France, the industrial working class changed the shape of European politics. Karl Marx had a name for himself as a rebel but he did not directly fight the battle he brought the idea to society and the people would take it to the government or the labor leaders (Rigby 529). Karl Marx did leave economic contributions to free countries except for the idea to stand up for what you believe in. He did help communist counties set their rules and a guideline to live by. I think Karl Marx’s ideas on communism were wrong. Karl Marx’s ideas on communism are incorrect based on his ideas of economics. Marx believed that labor would be free (Cameron 124). Few if any people would work for free, if they get bored, they could go to the movies, theme parks, and other entertainment but where would they get the money from. His ideas that there would be no currency in the future are also wrong. Humans have lived for thousands of years, we have gone through time periods where barter was the only trade. They all eventually took up currency, Karl’s idea of concentration of wealth is faulty. Karl’s idea was that people who are rich, are rich because they get ideas on how to make something better than the next guy does. Poor 5people many times come u p with million dollar ideas. Money keeps being transferred from rich to poor, poor to rich. These ideas of Marx’s are wrong about economics and do not work. Look at counties like the former Soviet Union they are falling apart. The money they have they feel is safer in their home and in their pocket than in their banks. People are waiting in long lines for items such as food, all things that take some adjustment to get used to so that they can become a Democracy instead of communism. Karl Marx lived in a time a lot of us probably would not have wanted to. We would not have the convenience of our cars or an air conditioner on a hot summer day. Karl Marx did not live a life of luxury. He was far from a millionaire and the most important thing to him was his writings and ideas. His family was important too but he never had a job that could support them instead he wanted a job as a rebel. He enjoyed his freelance writing styles and causing uprising in different countries, he likes to be heard. He would write for anyone whom would print he did not do it for the money but the money did feed his family. Marx had a rough child hood being ridiculed by his dad for not following what his dad felt was best. Karl is best known for writing the highly subjective Communist Manifesto, which even today some private schools still will not let a copy through the door. Finally we talked about Karl’s contributions today and we can best say that his ideas are still alive today in countries like Cuba, North Korea and Vietnam. Karl Marx was a very smart man whoms ideas are still around today in a more modern society and he has a name that will be around for many more years as the man behind communism. .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .postImageUrl , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:hover , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:visited , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:active { border:0!important; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:active , .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2 .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5cbfc2522aeadb303b4496c18a2407e2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sdasdsa EssayPhilosophy

Gender and Crime for Inherently Exploitative - myassignmenthelp

Question: Dsicuss about theGender and Crime for Inherently Exploitative. Answer: There is a very famous saying that sex sells and is usually used in context of advertising, where the people resort to sex for selling their product. And each time an advertisement is shown women are presented as the centre of sexual fantasy and are often projected in a derogative manner, almost like sex objects (Streitmatter, 2004). Sex work is inherently exploitative of women, be it in the more sophisticated world of advertisements or the downwardly looked upon work of prostitution. Even the word prostitution puts the focus of women engaging in sex for money, in the minds of majority. Sex work particularly becomes exploitive for the migrant workers, where the women often have to resort to prostitution in order to earn their livelihood (Anderson and Andrijasevic, 2008). And at such instances, sex work takes the form of sex trafficking, even though the same is a distinguished subject, where the women are taken across border, to indulge in sexual activities, for earning their daily br ead. At some instances, sex work is allowed, and at other instances, the same is just tolerated for the sake of it (Sunday News Online, 2017). In the following parts, the sex work has been analysed in context of the law surrounding it, to highlight that indeed sex work results in exploitation of women. Sullivan (2010) has highlighted that there has been a moderate opening for legal sex work in the past three decades. In a number of jurisdictions, the escort agencies and brothels have been legalized, which has led to decriminalization of street based sex work in New South Wales. The approach taken by the nation is very different from the other developed nations like Canada and United States where majority of prostitution continues to be illegal. However, each Australian jurisdiction has different approach towards prostitution law and towards its policies. The reason why the change was adopted by the governments, from sex work being barred, to the same being allowed, stems from the strength of the sex worker advocacy groups, the feminist movements supporting law reform, and the different other contributory factors. The need for bringing out the law stemmed from the need to protect the ones who were already engaged in sex work. There were a number of incidents where the women working in the brothels were being tortured and abused in the name of sex; and the migrant women were being forced to indulge in sex work to just survive; even though the brothels in the nation had the safest working environment in comparison to the other places in the world. Apart from this, the sex workers had to live in fear of arrest. But to give them a proper standing, and to maximize the occupational health and safety for the workers, the law was drawn (Sullivan, 2010). Similar to Australia is the case of Sweden, where the womens movement was a key factor in influencing the government policy in this regard. However, unlike Australia, buying sex has been made illegal in Sweden as a result of radical feminism, where the fears about foreign prostitutes and the liberal practices had a huge role to play. The ban on purchase of sex is deemed as an awareness of tendency of the Swedish people to take a strict stand on the issues, where the other nations have been liberal. Gould (2001) highlighted that the liberal feminists have defended this position that it is the right of the women to sell sexual services; and that by criticising the same the women would be treated as victims. However, the pragmatists have highlighted the morality of prostitution, where it was held that punitive laws were impractical and there was a need to replace with something where everything could work. However, the feminists like Shrage and Green have highlighted that prostitution i s morally repugnant, exploitative and degrading for women (Green, 1989; Shrage, 1989). This notion is quite right. How can someone be allowed to exploit the body of another, just to satisfy their sexual urges for money? Prostitution is a type of violence which hits the women and gives them a degraded status in the society. Without even exaggerated the facts, prostitution can be deemed as a synonym of sex trafficking, even when the two concepts are very different in terms of their core definitions. The reason for stating this is that in order to satisfy the urges of men, the pimps often exploit the foreign girls, where these girls are mistreated by their clients, apart from spreading life threatening sexual diseases. The girls who are brought from the east or the one who enter the nation on their choice, but, belong from east, are not well versed with the use of protection, owing to a lack of protection in their tradition. In their nations, condoms and other protective measures are simply too expensive. And in order to further the urge of the national clients, the pimps flood the nation with prostitutes from poor nations. The liberal view associated with the European nations, and Netherlands in particular, shows that prostitution is simply unacceptable. This is particularly in context of Dutch, where th ere has been a history of colonial exploitation. In the mentality of the Swedish people thus, the idea of prostitution as a job was an abomination (Gould, 2001). FitzGerald (2010) presented the case of female trafficked migrant, where the vulnerability of the female trafficked migrants in United Kingdom was highlighted. She questioned on regulation of the state on the bodies and behaviours of the female trafficked migrants, which was entangled with the anti-immigrant agendas, where the aim was only to extent the power extra-territorially, of the state. She highlighted that the neoliberal state frames the idea of vulnerability of women as a distinctive category of meaning, which is the part of neoliberal states emerging geographies. It was further covered by her that the human trafficking and the issue of trans-border sex work provided an insight in the normative discourse through which the concept of female vulnerability was manipulated by the neoliberal states. The anti-sex work lobbyists have presented the evidence towards a culture where there is continued patriarchal violence against all women. Ad as a result of this, there has been a lac k of appropriate anti-trafficking policy recommendations. Thus, there was a need for the non-Western women to be protected by the state through the law, in order to protect their bodies in terms of suffering associated with sex work, and the abuse coupled with it. This is in particular light of the policy of the European Union in context that the migrant women are a constant source of sexual exploitation. The key problem with the framing of human trafficking is that it runs parallel to the anti-trafficking initiatives. Such initiatives are gendered and racialised interpretations of gendered interpretations of female vulnerability for rescaling the attempts of managing the mobility of particular populations, both internationally and domestically. The current feminist debate is over the sex work going beyond the issues of consent and force, as being the key aspects of sex trafficking, towards the more broader and ethical question regarding the very nature of sex work. The position of the abolitionist, i.e., who oppose sex work, is that based on the moralistic, religious and political conservatives. Though, the robust abolitionists have aged against the regulations, i.e., the ones who support sex work, position. Miriam (2005) has highlighted that pro sex work approach is dependent upon liberal model of agency, which is also contractual, and which presupposes and conceals the demand side off the prostitution as an institution. To put it more simply, it is argued that sex work is not something which the women have to provide necessarily and that it is actually demanded by men. However, against the abolitionists this view is the claim of regulationist, where they fail to legitimize or recognize the agency of women in sex work (Gor e, 2014). The pro sex work argument is focused on the requirement of legitimizing sex work in order to maintain the dignity of the women who have no other promising economical options (Bell, 2009). And by opting for these regulations, the sex workers are more likely to be safeguarded from the conditions of sexually transmitted diseases, assaults and rapes (Dale and Rose, 2010). However, this approach proves t o be an inapt one in the Australian context, as the conditions of brothels, even when the sex work was not legitimized in the nation, was the best amongst the globe. Also, this approach fails in highlighting the women who are forced to be sex workers, particularly in the context of migrants. GAATW or Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women has insisted upon a distinction being drawn between free and coerced prostitution, in order for the migrant sex workers to get better access to social services and financial resources, instead of being deemed as sex trafficking victims (Stanford, 2 017). But, who is to stop the migrants from accepting that they are not being forced to do sex and are instead choosing it freely? When a migrant can be brought from their nation to another nation, and forced into sex, who would protect them when they raise their voice against being forced to indulge in sex work, instead of going forward with this inhumane and undignified use of their body as their own choice (Murphy, 2013). The distinction of GAATW also ignores the issue of the demand for sex by males, and thus makes a liberal assumption that freedom is just the state where the women are left alone, or the state where the women are not being forced to do something. In short, the conceptualization of prostitution as an institution is based fundamentally on the sex rights of men and the entitlement of men to demand sexual access to women (Stanford, 2017). An interesting claim make by the pro work position is there is an assumption on agency and victimization being mutually exclusive. So, where the sex worker is able to negotiate their working conditions, then she would be deemed to have agency and cannot be a victim. Where she is forced to indulge in sexual activities, she would be a victim and would not have agency. Again, a key point here is what would happen when a sex worker agrees to indulge to a particular sexual activity, but is forced into some other sexual activity. What would the woman be in suc h case, a victim or an agency? Another key point is all of this is that at each instance, each scholar has highlighted (O'Connor and Grainne, 2007). There is no mention of a man being forced into prostitution or a migrant being trafficked for sexual pleasures of women. At each and every instance, the focus has been over the degraded treatment of the women. Even when the context of pro sex worker is discussed, the empowerment of women is cited as a reason for allowing females to be indulged in sex work (Elms, 2010). However, this again proves them as being victims, instead of self-reliant individuals, working for their livelihood. On the basis of the discussion carried on in the previous segments, it thus becomes clear that sex work is actually exploitative and that too in context of women only. Owing to the patriarchal mindset, the women are still deemed as victims, who are forced to sell their bodies for money, in order to fill their tummies. It is an apathetic situation where the choice of the women is seldom given any weightage. Even though the condition in the nation is best when it comes to sex work, but the same cannot be stated in global context. In a global context, the women are still being trafficked and the migrant women are still being forced to enter into sex work as an intimidation and the only option before them to earn a livelihood, and in some cases, the same escalates to a threat of life. Australia has brought forward laws to regulate the sex work and to give it legal validity, but there is a different law for each jurisdiction. A person who is not able to earn their livelihood, is less like ly to know what is covered under the law, to say that the sex workers are actually protected in the nation; thus, the chances of females being exploited for sex, are still present. References Anderson, B., and Andrijasevic, R. (2008) Sex, slaves and citizens: the politics of anti-trafficking.Soundings, (40), p. 135. Bell, K. (2009) A Feminist's Argument On How Sex Work Can Benefit Women. Inquiries Journal, 1(2), pp. 1-2. Dale, G., and Rose, X. (2010) A response to the sex work debate. [Online] International Socialism. Available from: https://isj.org.uk/a-response-to-the-sex-work-debate/ [Accessed on: 30/10/17] Elms, C. (2010) Sex Work Exploitation or Empowerment. [Online] The University of Nottingham. Available from: https://www.impactnottingham.com/2010/07/sex-work-exploitation-or-empowerment/ [Accessed on: 30/10/17] FitzGerald, A.S. (2010) Biopolitics and the regulation of vulnerability: the case of the female trafficked migrant. International Journal of Law in Context, 6(3) pp. 277-294. Gore, S. (2014) Is Sex Work an Expression of Womens Choice and Agency?. [Online] E-International Relations. Available from: https://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/14/is-sex-work-an-expression-of-womens-choice-and-agency/ [Accessed on: 30/10/17] Gould, A. (2001) The Criminalisation of Buying Sex: the Politics of Prostitution in Sweden. Journal of Social Policy, 30(3), pp. 437-456. Green, K. (1989) Prostitution, exploitation and taboo. Philosophy, 64, pp. 52534. Miriam, K. (2005) Stopping the Traf?c in Women: Power, Agency and Abolition in Feminist Debates over Sex-Traf?cking. Journal of Social Philosophy, 36(1), pp. 117. Murphy, M. (2013) Prostitution by Any Other Name Is Still Exploitation. [Online] Vice. Available from: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/kwp83z/decriminalizing-prostitution-may-not-be-the-answer [Accessed on: 30/10/17] O'Connor, M., and Grainne, H. (2007) Gender-Based Domination Promotes Prostitution and Sex Trafficking. [Online] Gale Group. Available from: https://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Viewpointsjsid=d0862d21e1427dd6d0eb8c990f657702action=2catId=documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010461210u=pl7053zid=18def8c1c966e7279189a032fc8a80b4 [Accessed on: 30/10/17] Shrage, L. (1989) Should feminists oppose prostitution?. Ethics, 99, pp. 34761. Stanford. (2017) Is sex work inherently exploitative?. [Online] Stanford. Available from: https://stanford.edu/group/womenscourage/cgi-bin/blogs/sextraffickingandprostitution/2010/05/06/is-sex-work-inherently-exploitative/ [Accessed on: 30/10/17] Streitmatter, R. (2004) Sex Sells!: The Media's Journey from Repression to Obsession. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Westview Press. Sullivan, B. (2010) When (Some) Prostitution is Legal: The Impact of Law Reform on Sex Work in Australia. Journal of Law and Society, 37(1), pp. 85-104. Sunday News Online. (2017) Sex workers tell tales of success. [Online] The Sunday News. Available from: https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/sex-workers-tell-tales-of-success/ [Accessed on: 30/10/17]

Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Essay Example

Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City Paper The concept of land pollution by government is so wide and complex because it has been conceptualized differently by different actors such as organization, government itself and private sectors through over time. This includes responsibility of the government and non-government actors about the cause, effects and solution to land pollution problem. Land pollution is said to be a threat to urban dwellers in both developed and developing countries. As a population growth rate and arbitration become increased, solid and chemical waste is generated due to different activities including industrial and human activities. Arbitration as argued by Dubbed (1 990:1 7) defines arbitration as a community consisting of a large concentration of population in a relatively limited geographical area. This is activated by the production of manufactured goods and distribution of various types of goods and services involving high degree of specialization and complicated technology. The main objectives of this research paper are to explore the industrial activities to land pollution problem in relation to urban city change in Dark sees Salaam Tanzania. The study is generally aimed to explore Dark sees Salaam urban city planning for solid waste management system and the currency of land pollution in areas of Leila, Kingdom and Teemed municipal. We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Land Pollution in Dar es Salaam Urban City specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The study was done through library research on land pollution, internet search about the root cause of land pollution, its effects and solution in Dark sees Salaam city among the other cities In East Africa and Africa at broad. Land pollution is seriously in areas of all, Teemed and Kingdom municipal where planning and sewage system are poorly developed. Today the garbage and other solid waste appears to be much in these areas and other urban dwellers and visitors in the country where plastic bags and cans are being seed. More data about this study have been collected through internet search, library search where few literature have been written little about land pollution in urban cities and other data were primarily obtained through oral and observation through naked eyes like poor toilet systems, sewage system, even here at university Dark sees Salaam particularly main campus and Mambo hostel where sewage system are poor due to frequent leakage and pollutes environment while others are secondary data related to the research topic. Other waste generated around this area including water bottles and plastic gas which are being used by almost all students and thrown everywhere around these areas. Few data Were collected by relating solid waste management, water resource management and energy resource management where quantitative and qualitative approach is used in this study. Other scholars argue that rural-urban migration in Tanzania is high and the urban population increased from 15 % of the total population in 1980 to 33% in 2001(World Bank, 2003) and it has been estimated that by 2025 more than half of the population in Tanzania will live in urban areas. Today the urban planning is inadequate. Consequently, the urban expansion lacks consideration of environmental issues (land, water quality and supply, sanitation and solid waste management) or urban-rural development effects. The current population growth rate according to Macomb, (2008 p. 14) is 4. 9 per annum. This means that there is an increased rate of solid and chemical waste generation in Dark sees Salaam urban city with its three municipalities of Leila, Kingdom and Teemed where solid and chemical wastes are being generated. The city is bound to come up with effective strategies for land pollution control for sustainable future generation. Various sources of land pollution show that industrial activities which are carried out in urban cities including Dark sees Salaam creates land or soil pollution, Jeanne Meager (2011) contents that the amount of waste produced by human societies is increasing. Pollution being a major problem in urban areas of Tanzania is due to improper treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes that contribute to urban area pollution. The combined result of these problems on land is that both air and water also have been contaminated with pollutants from land environment which are detrimental to human health. In Dark sees Salaam, for example, less than 5% of the population is connected to a sewage System. Where a sewage system exists, raw sewage is discharged directly into the Indian Ocean without prior treatment. The following are the suggested methods which are advised to be used; Dumping process and refineries of wastes, Sanitary landfill, Composition method and Incineration/burning of waste, but these methods have failed to set land free from pollution. Therefore land pollution means degradation or destruction of the earths surface and soil directly or indirectly as a result of human activities. Encyclopedia Britannica define land pollution as deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on the land or underground that threaten the public health and cause unsightly condition and nuisances. In Dark sees Salaam urban city landfill and land reclamation have led to land deterioration through landfill contents. Although different strategies for land pollution control are being suggested and drafted, land pollution is still a problem in Dark sees Salaam city due population increase that according to Jeanne Meager (201 1), the amount of waste produced by human societies is increasing which creates industrial asset effluents discharged from chemical industries, paper and pulp mills, tanneries, food processing industries, power plants like Bungs power plant in Kingdom municipal which generate fly ash and among the others. To manage land pollutants in the city is very costively and therefore the city at one stage is experienced mushrooming heaps of uncollected garbage, this waste produces smell which attracts flies that cause health problems to the city dwellers. However, presently there some signs of improvements although generally Tanzania has no culture of sorting out solid waste before disposal. Solid waste is collected and transported by contracted private companies to the dumpiest. It should be noted that all dumpiest in the city generate a lot of health and environmental problems Encyclopedia Britannica contents that, deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on land or underground leads to threaten of Public health and cause unsightly condition and nuisances. The idea of introducing sanitary landfill is ever talked about but never implemented by the government, Living (1999) contents that urban pollution is a major problem in urban where solid and liquid waste is a major contributor. Also the Daily Newspaper sometimes back carried a story entitled, Garbage dumps mushroom in Dark streets but this situation is not gloom as such because private and public agencies play a part to collect garbage and transport them to dumpiest by trucks while some waste are often burned. Therefore, Ajar N (2011), argues that all substances or compounds that enter the soil/the land are potentially contaminants; therefore we should recycle, reuse or reduce them. Some settlements such as Bunting and Hangnails are located along the Amazing River which cuts across Dark-sees-SIAM city from East to West dividing the city into two parts North and South). The rivers basin is mainly vegetated by mangrove swamps. The area is popular in Dark sees Salaam because of the role it plays in the urban economy. Most of the fresh vegetables, I. E. Macho (spinach), sold by street vendors in Dark-sees-Salaam are produced there and their residues are thrown away improperly, this leads to land pollution. In order to meet human needs like food production, manufacturing and processing of finished goods and packaging industries are established and increased rates of use have raised the rates of waste generation and regrettably the present technologies Anton cope with the increased rates of disposal. Industrialization process therefore contribute to land pollution through by products of food stuffs and chemicals which are highly toxic are being generated, poor sewage system treatment contributes to land pollution through solid waste and liquid waste is being left during sand mining sites or overcrowded sand mining agricultural products (food stuff remain), municipal and house hold waste such as papers, ashes, glass, metals bottles and plastic are some sources of waste or pollutants in areas of all, Kingdom and Teemed municipals. Several industries located along Pug Road industrial area discharge their waste materials like factory rubbish, packaging waste material, organic waste, scrap metals, tars, dyes, slags, batteries and other heavy metals into land (Stonewashed). The situation is environmentally unacceptable, other waste can be generated from shops, homes like bags, empty cans, glass, bottles, Waste paper, diaper, cloth or rags; bio medical Waste like pathological and anatomical waste; construction/demolition waste like concretes, debris, woods; horticulture waste like vegetable parts, residues and remains of laughter animals like bones are also discharged to land. In Tanzania, some of the root general causes for environmental land degradation are unsustainable farming and mining, overgrazing, uncontrolled forest clearing and wild fires. Other drivers include: inadequate alternative energy sources; a lack of financial institutions that provide credit to farmers to acquire or develop land; LACUNA annual report (201 2/ 201 3) contents that rapid population growth resulting in pressure on land resources. Therefore land pollution in Dark sees Salaam urban city is as a result of industrial activities, unman activities, poor urban planning and population growth rate. Sand mining for construction activities is being undertaken within the Dark sees Salaam City in areas which are not designated for such activities. This phenomenon has created conflicts between residents and city authorities and ultimately undermined principles of urban planning. It has created big holes which essentially affect the aesthetic features of the area. This activity has potentially exacerbated soil erosion and resulted into a loss of productive land. The Government passed the Environment Management Act of 2004 for effective and sustainable management of the environment. Hence, enforcing of special laws pertaining to environmental management is emphasized. Meaningful and effective environmental law must be clearly understood and treasured by the communities and individuals whom it is aimed. The legislation sets out standards and procedures, duties and limits, create obligations for all stakeholders, which will fit human activities and govern land resource sustainable. Waste transportation and collection according to Encyclopedia of environmental pollution and its control Volvo. IV (1989), involves lit modal combination of public and private agency like trucks, walking and head carrying depending on accessibility. These trucks some are owned by government and others by private trucks where bottles for cooking oils, local liquids are being collected and recycled. Also some metals like aluminum are collected to be recycled; crude oil is refined to produce usable diesel, gas and petrol. In the process of waste treatment some waste are biodegradable and easily dumped while others are non-biodegradable and are difficult to recycle, this cause land pollution. In developed countries nuclear waste nutrients to land pollution by generating radioactive materials that contain chemicals which affects human health and land environment. It is believed that with strong government and institutional framework which is well coordinated all the above environmental problems could be resolved. The major sources of land pollution in Dark sees Salaam City are motor vehicles that believed to be the primary source affecting ambient land quality, industrial pollution and residential burning of fossil fuels is another source for pollution. Automobile oil spills on land is a growing problem in Dark sees Salaam City and as such it needs immediate attention before it goes Out Of control. Environmental expenditure review PEER (2004) reports that large amount of waste particles such as woods, metals, bricks, electronic wires and plastics are generated during road construction, rail ways and houses. Classification of solid waste in these areas includes; garbage or decomposable waste, rubbish which can be combustible and non-combustible waste like paper, wood, cloth, rubber leather and garden waste, ashes, industrial solid waste and agricultural waste among the others. The simplest method which have been seed to collect these waste includes crude tipping or open dumping like at Tab dump site, this method is commonly used to those cities found around Indian Ocean and other method adopted but never implemented in Dark sees Salaam city is landfill for solid waste. Inadequate urban planning is a significant driving force behind rising pollution levels, because residential and commercial centers are often far apart, forcing mass movement of workers on a daily basis by using motor vehicles. Soil pollution; soil is being polluted as a result of land degradation through chemical fertilizers which are in liquid while others are in soil form, this weaken the soil quality. Therefore water or wind can easily remove top soil part. Another effect is the change in climate patterns due global warming as a result of deforestation and in the other hand poor urban planning and other human activities contributes to ecosystem that in turn leads to change in climate change because of ozone layer depletion as harmful gases are generated due smelling of garbage. Land pollution also leads to public health problems like diseases because it encourages the growth of flies which transmits typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery among other disease. Directing sewage disposal from land to ocean leads death of marine organisms and burning of waste leads to soil acidity. Various ways should be employed by government and private agencies on how to solve the problem of land pollution in rapid growing urban cities in Africa including Dark sees Salaam in Tanzania. The ways to be followed includes; Education to the people should be provided so as to be aware about the concept of reduce, recycle and re use products; the use of pesticides, insecticides and agricultural chemical fertilizers should be reduced in favor of using gardening or organic foods, the government and land managers should encourage buying or importing biodegradable products that do not affect land by either direct or indirectly; and the government or private agencies should encourage selection of open dumping sites which is a cheap method and providing public sanitary facilities for general environmental management like trucks and dustbins, introduction of national sanitary landfill, development of physical infrastructure and proper chemical waste disposal. Research paper wring as process of doing critical reading has been limited with time and books material about the topic. Time constrain ND lack of money for travel contributed this research paper to be conducted through telephone interview, internet search, email and library where very few readings related to research topic are found. The study attempts to cover a cross section of land pollution in Dark sees Salaam urban city and their surroundings with a varying action/cause, effects of pollutants or pollution as well as regulatory measures to overcome the problem. The main concerns in waste management are proliferation of plastic in waste streams, industrial waste, oil pipe leakage and sewage leakage. Engineering option for waste espousal in Dark sees Salaam is limited due to poor land planning and urban city planning, many open dump sites are not used properly and lack of national sanitary landfill. In different literatures, waste generation from various source is viewed to be disadvantageous and harmful to land and human health as it pollutes and contaminate the environment and attract flies which health leads to diseases like dysentery, diarrhea and typhoid but in the other side, waste if treated properly can be useful especially biodegradable waste can be used as sources of composite manure. It is not only all pollutants are harmful o environment but also some are useful as they save some microorganism in land. Land pollution in urban cities in developed and developing countries is generally as a result of different factors such as industrial activities, human activities, mining and agriculture activities. In Dark sees Salaam urban city, pollution is due to rapid population increase versus poor urban planning. Tanzania government has proved failure in urban planning in Dark sees Salaam city hence it is difficult for land managers to control land pollution, the natural environment has always been exploited to fulfill human needs but urine this century the scale of our demands has grown so large that we are degrading the ecosystem upon which our health and live hood depends World Bank, (1998) Pl. Technologies from outside has led to challenge in land management policy because it generates solid and liquid waste that pollutes the land environment as they are deposited inland. There should be land saving technology (LAST) in order to save environment from pollution.

Jesuss Interpretation of the Law Essays

Jesuss Interpretation of the Law Essays Jesuss Interpretation of the Law Essay Jesuss Interpretation of the Law Essay Jesus Interpretation of the Law Introduction The whole concept of charity was a Christian innovation. Benevolence to strangers was unknown before Christ. The teachings and example of Jesus Christ have inspired the greatest acts of generosity, hospitality, self-sacrifice and service for the poor, sick and needy over two thousand years. The positive impact of Jesus Christ on the world cannot be overstated. Everything from education to human rights, from public health to economic liberty the things we cherish most and many of the blessings we take or granted all can be traced to the spiritual and the Cultural Revolution begun by Jesus Christ. Today, businesses develop human resource systems to address human rights, public health, and economic liberty. Instead of Just leading with the values of Christianity, they develop intense systems to measure and evaluate people and their performance. So many of the tools used to create a human resource systems were already taught through the Bible and Jesus. If more people would be guided by their Christian faith they would be better equipped to lead and develop employees. In this summary, Jesus interpretation of the law, . Jesus ministry and mission as it relates to the mission and ministry of Israel described in Old Testament law; and contemporary Christians responsibility to the Old Testament law, will be explored and compared to todays teaching and mans law. In the end, one will see by following Jesus they are already prepared to lead and care for their workforce. Jesus Interpretation of the Law According to Matthew 5:17, Jesus did not come to destroy the law he came to fulfill it. In other words, he came to give meaning to the laws and what they mean. The law would be modified, magnified and made honorable for his righteousness. According to Jesus; it was more important to obey Gods rules than it was mans law. In the end, the Bible was law, especially the Ten Commandments. Christians are to be guided by the word of God, first and always. . Human resource management ( HARM) is the utilization of individuals to achieve themselves with HARM. Basically, all managers get things done through the efforts of others; this requires effective HARM (Monody). Today, in business, Human Resource Systems are developed with intricate tools that basically do the same things we have already been taught by Jesus. For example, Jesus wants us to be compassionate and love one another. He wants us to love as we would love ourselves and in business, he expects no less. If business would collectively invest in each other with respect and compassion, less tools would need utilized. Jesus would not be centered on performance but would invest in the person as well. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a federal law enforcement agency that enforces laws against workplace discrimination. First, Jesus would be sad that this law needs to exist. Second, since people of society are not collectively following the Bible or Jesus teachings, he would be glad that there was such a law in effect to ensure equality. The same would be true of Affirmative Action the federal agenda initiated in the sass thats designed to counteract historic discrimination faced by ethnic minorities, women. Red, yellow ,black , and white, they are precious in his sight, Jesus loves the little children of the world. Jesus Ministry and Mission as it Relates to Israel In the Old Testament, Israel was chosen as Gods people. But in choosing Israel a nation that was visibly distinct from all other nations God was necessarily affecting all of the people of the world. Within Gods unified plan to save humanity, Jesus life on earth creates a new era of mission. This is not replacing what was defective, but rather a perfect fulfillment of what God had already done. Whereas mission in the Old Covenant was centered on Israel as the visible display of Gods character, the New Covenant became centered on the person of Jesus Christ, the fulfillment of Israel. Because Jesus embodies Gods mission, He has the authority to commission the disciples in (Matthew 28:18-20 RSVP). The Great Commission is not a change of plans, therefore, but a fulfillment of what has always been planned. The uniqueness of Jesus commission is based on the fact that Jesus himself is the reason that the disciples can proclaim the kingdom of God. Jesus, full filled Gods plans by taking the reins and showing in an earthly form, how to behave and treat others. By using Israel as an example he was able to draw other regions to the lord. He was able to lead by example. God used Jesus to redirect the people of Israel back on course. In this scenario from the Old Testament, we see historically how times and evolution change the ways things are handled. The way the Gentiles were handling things needed a little to intervention. In todays society, perhaps another visit from Jesus would help people understand the original plan of our heavenly father. Contemporary Christians Responsibility to the Old Testament Law The most compelling reason for Christians to read and study the Old Testament lies in the New Testament. The New Testament witnesses to the fact that Jesus of Nazareth is the one in whom and through whom all the promises of God find their fulfillment. The fulfillment of the promises can be understood only in the context of It would be like watching a movie today and watching only the end. No one can figure out the dynamics until they witness the first half of the movie. The same is true about the Old Testament. How can people possibly interpret the New Testament without knowing the foundation from which it is built. While it is necessary to know the Old Testament, it is important to not take some scriptures literally. Some things in todays terms seem so barbaric, and we have evolved from those things. One should read and take in the information only to apply to the promises and how it connects with the New Testament. What was learned? The importance and role of the law in defining Jesus life, teachings, and ministry. Jesus law was the law of his father. It was the Bible, and the Commandments. We are made of his image and likeness. We are to also be invoking his word and teaching it throughout. People that know this have a Jump start on leadership because they an look at others through the compassion of Jesus and treat them accordingly. The unawareness that affects others in their daily lives is scary. With that unawareness brings turmoil, unsatisfied, ungratified people not equipped to lead others or have fulfillment. Conclusion For the whole law is fulfilled in one word, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. (Galatians 5:14 RSVP). In the end, if people would practice living with faith and be guided by Gods law, the world would be a Joyous place. Unfortunately, that is not happening, less people are guided by strong faith than ever before, and America s starting to see the aftermath of this. It used to be that most children had a foundation of the church, but this is not the case anymore. If a person doesnt learn faith through their family, there is little chance they will hear about it anywhere else. This is why one hears so much more about therapy now, people want hope and guidance. Business has to form Human resource systems to deal with the ethics of their firm and the ethics and the morals of the people that work for them. Professionals that lead a Christian life and are guided by scripture are equipped o handle human relationships within a firm.

Cellphones and Digital Networks

They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system. Cellphones and Digital Networks They offer a great amount of convenience, and can be very economically for the busy businessman on the go. Advancements in cell phones are always being made, giving a clearer sound and lighter feel, as well as a longer life. The cell phone industry has been one of the fastest growing in the world. The electronics are fairly simple, but they are so small that they are truly and engineering marvel. This paper will discuss in depth the many different components of the average cell phone, and talk about how it converts your voice into something that can be sent through a digital network. The paper will also look at how the inner workings allow for a phone to act as a microcomputer, with Internet access, address books, and even games. Finally, it will review the many exciting ideas for this growing market and look to the future of the industry, and how the industry plans on overcoming various limiting factors. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, 18 years later Guglielmo Marconi created the first radio. It was only natural that these two great technologies would eventually be combined to create the cellular craze. In the 80’s few people used radiophones, these phones were the precursor to cellular, but they had several limiting factors preventing them from every becoming a major part of everyday society. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per major city, and no more than 25 channels available on that tower. Each phone needed a powerful transmitter, big enough to transmit 40 or 50 miles. It also meant that not many people could use radiotelephones due to the lack of channels. With the current cellular system any none adjacent cell can use the same frequency, so the amount of phones that can be used are nearly limitless. These cells also mean that each phone does not need a strong transmitter, so the phone can be a lot smaller. With the innovation of digital phones, many great features are now available, such as caller id, Internet access, and several other new features. It also meant that the phone would need a microprocessor to convert from analog to digital, this complicated the circuitry, but left it with new technology available the industry was able to make the phone as small as possible. The only restriction in size became the user-input devices, and the screen size. Usefulness of the Digital Cell Phone The digital cellular phone offers many advantages to today†s society. The conveniences that it offers over simply not having one are obvious and they vary from person to person. But there are many advantages over other types of phones as well. The cellular phone not only allows people to communicate with others while they are on the go, but it also offers many other features to help people. With the services that digital provides, people can access email and find information almost anywhere in the world for a reasonable fee. In the future, as the integration of phones and computers grow, people will be able to access tutorials in the field, and use them to communicate with specialists saving a great amount of time for many researchers. Today digital cell phones, such as the one shown in Appendix C figure 1, can process millions of calculations per second in order to compress and decompress the voice stream. In order to do this each phone is equipped with a circuit board that contains many different chips. The circuit board of a common phone is shown in Appendix C figure 2. Two chips described earlier are the Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog conversion chips that translate the outgoing audio signal from analog to digital and the incoming signal from digital back to analog. There is also a Digital Signal Processor that is highly customized processor designed to perform signal manipulation calculations at high speed. The microprocessor controls the keyboard and display and deals with command and control signaling with the base station, it also coordinates the rest of the functions on the board. This microprocessor is as powerful as the super computer of the 70’s that took up whole rooms, but is now the size of a finger. By using its arithmetic/logic unit or ALU it can perform all mathematical operation that run many of today features in phones. It is also responsible for the transfer of data throughout the phone. It will also make decisions and then run a new set of instructions. In Appendix C figure 3 a very simple microprocessor is shown. Cell phones use microprocessors that are much more complex, but the use the same idea. The ROM and flash memory chips provide storage for the phone’s operating system and customizable features, such as the directory and various simple games. (Appendix C figure 4) The RF and power section handles power management and recharging, and also deals with the hundreds of FM channels. Finally, the Radio Frequency amplifiers handle signals in and out of the antenna. The Radio Frequency amplifier is the same device as you would find in your car’s radio. The display has grown considerably in size as the number of features offered by cell phones has increased. Most phones currently available offer built-in phone directories, calculators and even games. It some new products that will be discussed later, cell phone counter as PDA’s offering very large screen and offer all of the benefit you would find in today’s hand held computers. The display is a liquid crystal display (LCD). It is made of thousands of tiny crystals with two possible colors. They have recently announced that they will be offering color screens on some new phones that work like the display of a laptop computer. Very small speakers and microphones, about the size of a dime, amplify the analog waves. These devices are just like that of a portable radio and the microphones used on television talk shows. They are both wired to the microprocessor. In order for digital cell phones to take advantage of the added capacity and clearer quality, they must convert your voice into binary information. This means that it must break it down to 1’s and 0’s. The reason that this is so advantageous is that unlike analog, digital is either on or off, 1 or 0, instead of oscillating between the two. For the conversion, the device must first record an analog wave, such as the one in Appendix B figure 1. To create the highest fidelity possible, it records number to represent the wave, instead of the wave itself as represented in Appendix B figure 2. The cell phones analog-to-digital converter, a device that is also found in a CD player, does this process. On the other end a separate digital-to-analog converter is used for playback. The quality of transfer depends on the sampling rate, that controls how many samples are taken per second, and the sampling precision. The precision controls how many different levels are possible in the sample. The better these two are the clearer the sound, but it takes a higher speed processor and requires a greater amount of data transfer. In Appendix B the benefits are shown in figure 3. Most common digital cellular systems use Frequency Shift Keying to send data back and forth. This system uses one frequency for 1’s and another for 0’s and rapidly switching between the two. This requires optimal modulation and encoding schemes for recording, compressing, sending, and then decoding without loss of quality. Because of this digital phones contain an amazing amount of processing power. The cellular network is web of towers covering areas, generally thought of as hexagonal cells as shown in APPENDIX A Figure 1. The genius of the cellular system is because cell phones and base stations use low-power transmitters, so the same frequencies can be reused in non-adjacent cells. Each cell is about 10 square miles and has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. As more people join the cellular world, companies are quickly adding more towers to accommodate them. Every digital carrier is assigned different frequencies, an average carrier may get about 2400 frequencies per city, and this number is about three times the amount as analog. The reason that more channels are available is because digital data can be compressed and manipulated much easier than analog. Each tower uses one seventh of the available frequencies, so none of the surrounding 6 towers interfere. The cell phone uses two frequencies per call, called a duplex channel. The duplex channel allows one channel to be used for listening and the other for talking, so unlike a CB or walkie-talkie, both people can talk at the same time. This system currently allows for about 168 people to talk in each cell, for each system. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size, but because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain low per user. Every cell phone has a special code associated with it, called an electronic serial number (ESN). It is a unique 32-bit number programmed into the phone when it is manufactured. When the phone is activated another five digit code called a system identification code (SID), a unique 5 digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the FCC, is imprinted in the phones memory. When you first power up a cell phone, it checks a control channel to find the SID. If the phone cannot find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range, and displays a no service message. After finding the SID, the phones check to see if it matches the SID programmed in the phone, and if it does not match it knows that the phone is roaming. The central location that the cell phone is registered to keeps track of the cell that your phone is in, so that it can find you when someone calls the phone. When the phone is turned on it sends its ESN to the control channel. If the phone goes out of range, it will take a short while to locate your phone when it enters back into service. This can cause loss of calls, even though the phone is in service, but this problem is very temporary. When someone does call your phone it is sent to the central tower called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office is continually communicating with the cell phone. It sends and receives the calls, as well as telling it what frequencies to use. This is all done through the control channel, so it does not impair any calls. As you move toward the edge of your cell, the cell’s tower will see that your signal strength is diminishing. At the same time, the base station in the cell you are moving toward, which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, will be able to see your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. There are three common technologies used by cell phone providers. These are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). In FDMA every call is done on a separate frequency. FDMA separates the spectrum into distinct voice channels by splitting it into uniform chunks of bandwidth. This is very similar to the way that radio stations operate. Each station is assigned a signal at a different frequency within the available band. FDMA is used mainly for analog transmission, so it is slowly being phased out. It is capable of carrying digital information, but it is not considered an efficient method for digital transmission. Time Division Multiple Access gives each call a certain amount of time on a frequency. The Electronics Industry Alliance and the Telecommunications Industry Association use TDMA. In TDMA, a narrow bandwidth that is 30 kHz wide and 6. 7 milliseconds long is split time-wise into three time slots. (Appendix D, figure 1) Each conversation gets the radio frequency for one-third of the time. This is possible because voice data that has been converted to digital information is compressed so that it takes up significantly less transmission space. Therefore, TDMA has three times the capacity of an analog system using the same number of channels. TDMA systems operate in either the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz frequency bands. Some phones have the ability to switch between bands. This function is called simply Dual-Band, and is important when traveling between different band frequencies. TDMA is also the access technology for Global System for Mobile communications. The Global system uses different frequencies in different areas of the world and is not compatible with other TDMA systems. GSM operates in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz band in the United States. GSM systems use encryption to make phone calls more secure. GSM is the international standard in Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa. In covered areas, cell-phone-users can buy one phone that will work anywhere else the standard is supported. To connect to the specific service providers in these different countries, GSM-users simply switch SIM cards. SIM cards are small removable disks that slip in and out of GSM cell phones. They store all the connection data and identification numbers you need to access a particular wireless service provider. Unfortunately, the 1900 MHz GSM phones used in the United States are not compatible with the international system.